History of Tulunad:
The History of Mangalore dates back to the Mythological times and is accounted to as part of Parashurama Srishti (Parashurama's creation). Mangalore has been ruled by a number of rulers like the Kadambas and Vira Harihararaya II. It was later conquered by the Portuguese, who lost it to Hyder Ali.
Koti and Chennayya (Tulu: ಕೋಟಿ ಚೆನ್ನಯ್ಯ Kōṭi Cennayya,) (Circa 1556 A.D to 1591 A.D.) are legendary Tuluva twin heroes characterized in the Tulu epic of the same name, which is considered one of the two truly long epic in Tulu language. The birthplace of Koti and Chennaya is Padumale in Puttur taluk, Dakshina Kannada.The story of these heroes may be taken to roughly five hundred years back, when reference to Ballads were made in the Tulu Padana. Koti and Chennayya were born to the Deye Baidethi of the Billava people of Tulu Nadu in the state of Karnataka. Owing to the brothers heroic deeds, they are worshipped and remembered as protectors. They died in combat near Yenmoor. Memorial temples called garadi "gymnasiums" have been built in the name of Koti and Chennayya all over Tulu Nadu.
The twins are worshipped annually in a ceremony called a 'neema', where the 'Billava' 'paatry' (or the priest) and the 'Parava' dancers get possessed during the ritual. 'Parava 'men play the 'tembere' (drum). 'Koti' & 'Chennaya' epic or songs are called 'biira' in this tradition. During the previous night there is a food (vegetarian food) offering called 'ageelu'. The 'parava' men also sing a portion of the twin's epic.
The twins are believed to have been turned into spirits after a battle against 'Perumale Ballala’. Elder brother 'Koti' died in the battle field younger brother while bumped his head at 'Panja’ temple (It is believed that this was a case of self immolation). After death these two heroes are given importance as the great spirits of the religion to protect those who have faith in them. One can see what is believed to be the 'samadhi' (mausoleum) of 'Koti'-'Chennaya' brothers at 'Enmuru ' village of 'Sullya' Taluk, 'Dakshina Kannada' District. (D.K.)
King 'Perumale Ballala' went hunting into the forest. He stepped on a poisonous thorn and immediately his foot swelled, gradually becoming septic and incurable. A pregnant woman of 'Billava' Community, 'Deyi Beaded', who knew a herbal cure, came on invitation and offered treatment after treatment. After the treatment she returned home. On the way she gave birth to male twins and died. The king brought up the infant twins and named them 'Koti' (Sun) and ‘Chennaya’ (Moon). The king employed a step-mother to look after twins.
The King handed over the twins to 'Saayena Baidya'. The children grew-up in 'Saayana Beidya's house under the benevolence of the king. One day while playing foot-ball (chenDu) in the paddy field, the twins defeated the children of 'Buddivanta', the minister of King 'Ballala'. Seeing this the minister snatched the ball from 'Koti & Chenneyya', thrashed them and drove them out of his house. The twins swore: 'Keep the ball safely in house, when we grow up, we will return and recover it with our strong hands'. After this quarrel enmity grew between the two houses'. {it is believed that the twins and 'Buddivanta' lived adjacent houses}.
It is customary in 'Tulunadu' to fix an auspicious day for ploughing the fields. 'Buddivanta' consulted the priest and fixed an auspicious day for cultivation. He then lied to 'Koti' & 'Chennaya' saying that ploughing for them was to be in the following week after 'Buddivants's' field was plowed. But while ploughing the land, 'Koti' & 'Chennaya' quarreled with 'Buddivanta' and they stabbed him in the chest with the sword named 'raame anpi surya' and 'Kengude anpi surya' and the minister died. They buried his body in a stream and then went to his house, to retrieve the ball and returned to their house.
Their foster mother learned about the killing and feared that the 'Ballala' might punish the children. The 'Ballala' sent his men to bring them to his palace. He threatened to punish both. 'Koti' & 'Chennaya' reminded the king about the promise he had made to their mother before she died. The king asked what they wanted. 'Chennaya' demanded a field. 'Koti' demanded the king's flower garden. The King said; "Ask for something else". 'Chennaya' asked for the royal sword. This irritated the king, who feared that these children might next ask his own throne. He ordered them to be imprisoned. But no one dared to touch the twins. They left the court saying that their wishes would be fulfilled within six years.
Later they took shelter in the 'Panja' territory. The 'Ballala' set fire to the house of their foster father. At 'Panja' 'Koti' & Chennaya' sought the help of 'Keemara Ballala', King of that region. 'Koti' & 'Chennaya's brother-in-law 'Payya Baidya' was a close of minister Chendugidi' regarding the command of the army. Chendugudi’ minister treacherously imprisoned the twins. When they were in prison, at night, with mystic power, the twins escaped from the prison and went to ‘Enmuru’. 'Deva Ballala' was ruling the ‘Enmuru’ territory. In this region the 'Bhillavas' were in majority.
By this time the twins were 16-years old. The region of the king 'Deva Ballala' was in the midst of forest. Animals troubled 'Chennaya' who went to hunt the wild animals. 'Chenneyya' chased a wild boar and it entered 'Panja' territory. Chennaya' chased the animal and killed it. 'Chendugidi', who was nearby, claimed the boar (Some of the versions don't have this episode). Further battle takes place between 'Enmuru' rulers and 'Panja' feudal lords. 'Koti' & 'Chennaya' led the forces of 'Yenmuru' army. As the battle raged on, an arrow from somewhere pierces ‘Koti’s chest. 'Chennaya' rushes to 'Koti's side. Then Chendugidi' attacks 'Chennaya'. Immediately 'Cheneayya' jumps and slays 'Chendugidi'. 'Koti' dies and 'Chennaya' is so sad and that he kills himself by banging his head against a rock. 'Koti' & 'Chennaya's foster father, 'Saayana Baidya' sets fire to the palace of 'Perumula Ballala'. (Version differs from region to region).
The 'Enmuru' king built a 'samadi' (mausoleum) at the site where the brothers were cremated. The twins have become legendary heroes of 'Tulunad' by virtue of their valor and their life-long battle against tyranny and injustice.
Tuluva Dynasty:
Tuluva were the third Hindu dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara empire. The dynasty was founded by chieftain Tuluva Bunts who were descent's of Tuluva Vamsha clan and ruled the southern parts of coastal Karnataka, also called Tulu Nadu[1]. The dynasty have gained the name "Tuluva" because they belonged to the Tulu speaking region of Tulu Nadu and their mother tongue was the ancient Tulu language.They came to power after the Saluva Dynasty .Tuluva dynasty were the most powerful dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire of Southern India. They belonged to the Nagavanshikshatriya order of lineage. They are believed to be Nagavanshis who worshiped Nagaraja Vasuki (name for a naga, one of the serpents of mythology) as their family deity. The Vijayanagar empire attained it greatest glory during this period and their most famous emperor Krishna Deva Raya. Their reign consisted of five emperors from 1491 till 1570. They ruled almost the entire South India with Vijayanagara as their capital. The fall of the Tuluva dynasty led the beginning of the disintegration of the empire.
This period was known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor.
Emperor Krishna Deva Raya earned the titles Andhra Bhoja, Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit, "King of three Kings") and Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit, "Lord of the Kannada empire").
Krishna Deva Raya was formally initiated into the Vaishnava Sampradaya by Vyasatirtha. He patronised poets and scholars in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. Sri Vyasatirtha was his Kula-Guru.
Krishnadevaraya was the emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529. He was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty. Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishna Deva Raya earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit, "Lord of the Kannada empire"), Andhra Bhoja and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit, "King of three Kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Raja of Odisha. The great south Indian mathematician Nilakantha Somayaji also lived in the Empire of Krishnadevaraya. He was the most powerful of all the Hindu rulers of India at that time. Indeed, when the Mughal Babur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, Krishnadevaraya was rated the most powerful and had the most extensive empire in the subcontinent.
Ullal Dynasty
Spread over the coastal region of Karnataka, Abbakka Devi's princely capital of Ullal - present day Mangalore - caught the attention of Portuguese invaders after their takeover of Goa, back in 1525. The invaders first attacked the South Kanara coast and destroyed the Mangalore port, before advancing towards Ullal which was meant to be a strategically important port.
Rani Abbakka Chowta was the first Tuluva Queen of Ullal who fought the Portuguese in the latter half of the 16th century. She belonged to the Chowta dynasty who ruled over parts of coastal Karnataka(Tulu Nadu), India. Their capital was Puttige. The port town of Ullal served as their subsidiary capital. The Portuguese made several attempts to capture Ullal as it was strategically placed. But Abbakka repulsed each of their attacks for over four decades. For her bravery, she came to be known as Abhaya Rani (The fearless queen). She was also one of the earliest Indians to fight the colonial powers and is sometimes regarded as the 'first woman freedom fighter of India'. In the state of Karnataka, she is celebrated along with Rani Kittur Chennamma, Keladi Chennamma and Onake Obavva, as the foremost women warriors and patriots
She belonged to the Chowta dynasty who ruled over the area from the temple town of Moodabidri. The port town of Ullal served as their subsidiary capital.
The Chowtas followed a matrilineal system by which Tirumala Raya, Abbakka’s uncle, crowned her the queen of Ullal. He also forged a matrimonial alliance for Abbakka with Lakshmappa Arasa, the powerful king of neighbouring Mangalore. This alliance was to later prove a source of worry for the Portuguese. Tirumala Raya also trained Abbakka in the different aspects of warfare and military strategy. The marriage, however was short lived and Abbakka returned to Ullal. Her husband thus longed for revenge against Abbakka and was to later join the Portuguese in their fight against Abbakka.
The Portuguese, clearly upset by Abbakka's tactics, demanded that she pay them tribute but Abbakka refused to yield. In 1555, the Portuguese sent Admiral Dom Álvaro da Silveira to fight her after she refused to pay them tribute. In the battle that followed, Rani Abbakka once again managed to hold her own and repulsed the attack successfully.[citation needed]
In 1557, the Portuguese plundered Mangalore and laid waste to it. In 1568, they turned their attention to Ullal but Abbakka Rani resisted them yet again. João Peixoto, a Portuguese general and a fleet of soldiers were sent by the Portuguese Viceroy António Noronha. They managed to capture the city of Ullal and also entered the royal court. Abbakka Rani, however, escaped and took refuge in a mosque. The same night, she gathered around 200 of her soldiers and mounted an attack on the Portuguese. In the battle that ensued, General Peixoto was killed,[8] seventy Portuguese soldiers were taken prisoners and many of the Portuguese retreated. In further attacks, Abbakka Rani and her supporters killed Admiral Mascarenhas and the Portuguese were also forced to vacate the Mangalore fort.[citation needed]
In 1569 however, the Portuguese not only regained the Mangalore fort but also captured Kundapur (Basrur). Despite these gains, Abbakka Rani continued to remain a source of threat. With the help of the queen's estranged husband, they mounted attacks on Ullal. Furious battles followed but Abbakka Rani held her own. In 1570, she formed an alliance with the Bijapur Sultan of Ahmed Nagar and the Zamorine of Calicut, who were also opposing the Portuguese. Kutty Pokar Markar, the Zamorine's general fought on behalf of Abbakka and destroyed the Portuguese fort at Mangalore but while returning he was killed by the Portuguese. Following these losses and her husband's treachery, Abbakka lost the war, was arrested and jailed. However, even in prison she revolted and died fighting
Abbakka's memory is much cherished in her home town of Ullal. The "Veera Rani Abbakka Utsava" is an annual celebration held in her memory. The Veera Rani Abbakka Prashasti(award) is awarded to distinguished women on the occasion. On January 15, 2003, the Indian postal department issued a special cover on Rani Abbakka. There have been calls to name the Bajpe airport.[10] A bronze statue of the queen has been erected in Ullal and another in Bangalore. The Karnataka Itihasa Academy has called for renaming the Queen's road in the state capital as 'Rani Abbakka Devi road'
Alupa dynasty
Ptolemy, the 2nd century geographer identifies the Tulu Nadu region as Olokhoira which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term Alva Kheda, 'the land of the Alvas'.[2] Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva.[6] The longest ruling and oldest known native dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the Alupas (c. 5th - 14th century C. E.).[7] Their kingdom was also known as Alvakheda. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Halebidu) and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries.
During the rule of Vijayanagara, Tulu nadu was administered in two parts – Mangaluru Rajya and Barkuru Rajya. Tulu Nadu was the original homeland of the dynasty that founded the Vijayanagar Empire based in eastern Karnataka. Tulu Nadu was governed by the native feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 18th century. These feudatories gained power towards the end of Alupa period. Notable among them were the Chowtas of Ullal and Moodabidri (c. 1160-1801 C.E), Ajilas of Venur (c. 1418-1800 C.E), the Savanta or Samantha Rajas of Mulki (c. 1411- 1700), the Bhairarasa Odeyas of Karkala (c. 1240-1650 C.E), the Tolaharas of Suralu (c.1139-1800 C.E), the Bangas of Bangadi (c. 1410-1800 C.E.), the Rajas of Kumbla (c. 12th century - 1800 C.E) and the Rajas of Vitla (c. 1436-1800 C.E).
The region became extremely prosperous during Vijayanagara period with Barkur and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri controlled much of Tulu Nadu. Over the following many centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Konkanis from Goa arrived by sea, as Mangalore was a major port that served not only the Portuguese but also the Arabs for maritime trades. Jains were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples (bastis) in (Moodabidri) and monolithic statues of Bahubali in Karkala, Venoor and Dharmasthala. In the 16th century there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa. The Muslim community of Tulu Nadu were basically Arab traders who married local women and settled there. Some came from Kerala. They speak the Bearydialect, which is a mix of Tulu and Kannada, and the others speak Urdu.
Under Portugal, the region was called the Missao do Sul (Mission of the South). In the 18th century, it was conquered by Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. After the British defeated Haidar's successor Tipu Sultan in 1799, the region was attached to the Madras Presidency before being reverted to the state of Mysore in the aftermath of independence. Mysore has since been renamed Karnataka. At the end of the 18th century, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan controlled the region. Mangalore played a prominent role in Tipu’s battles with the British. The British gained full control in 1801, after Tipu's death in 1799. The British ruled the region with Madras (now Chennai) as its headquarters. Tipu conquered the region and the British conquered it from him. Under the British, the region was organised into the districts of North Canara and South Canara respectively.
As per Hindu mythology Lord Parshurama commanded Lord Varunato make the seas recede to make the Tulu Nadu.
When the states were reorganised on linguistic basis in the 1956, Tulu Nadu (South Canara) which was earlier a part of Madras Presidency and North Canara which was a part of Bombay Presidency became part of the newly formed Mysore state, which was later renamed as Karnataka. Kasargod became part of the newly formed state of Kerala. The Tuluvas began demanding official language status for Tulu and a separate state named Tulu Nadu for themselves. Organisations like the Tulu Rajya Horata Samiti have taken up the cause of the Tuluvas and meetings and demonstrations were held at towns like Mangalore and Udupi to voice their demand
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Story of Agoli Manjanna:
Agoli Manjanna is the Bhima of Tulunadu. It is said that all his adventures and achievements were super human. Panje Mangesh Rao had written many stories for children based on the life and deeds of Agoli Manjanna.Manjanna had superman strength. Heaps of rice he ate. He was endowed with rare tolerance. These qualities in him made him a wonderful personality.Duggu, the sister of Chelaru Guthu Baggana Adyanthaya was married to Narayana Shetty of Kattabalike. She had no issues for a long time. She offered prayers to Ullalthi of Bappanadu, the result of which she got a male child named Manjanna.
One Baggana Adyanthaya had to wage a war against his neighboring country. During that period he asked his nephew Manjanna to look after the administration of the Guthu.It is said that Manjanna ate too much of rice at a time. He used to eat one 'Agoli' of rice (a measurement which is equal to 20 K.G. rice) from which he got that super power. Therefore he was rightly called Agoli Manjanna.Manjanna was deprived of the love of his mother. He lived with his paternal aunt. Once he expressed his desire with his aunt like this -
'The kodinje rock should have been the Kadubu, the water of Gujjarakere should have been the milk'It shows his desire to eat.
Manjanna supervised the cultivation in Chelaraguthu. Manjanna had to bring large quantity of green leaves to cowshed daily. His aunt was never satisfied with what he brought. She wanted him to bring more and more. Manjanna collected so much of green leaves that he did not notice a wild pig in the hill-sized heap of green leaves he carried on his head. The weight of this heap was so much that when he put it down in his courtyard, the grinding stone which fell beneath it went down the earth. The people around wondered at this. People were frightened and ran into their houses when the wild pig ran out of the heap screeching aloud.
Once there was no stock of hay fodder to feed the bullocks and buffalos. Manjanna's uncle told him to go to Panjaguthu and bring the hay stock. People at Panja told Manjanna to carry hay as much as possible to him. Manjanna remembered that the Panjaguthu people had taken some muras of rice from his uncle and had never returned. Thus he bundled up the hay stock with some muras of rice in it and carried it home. Such was his Hercules power.
There was no buffalo race (Kambla) in Mulki region. The king of Mulki Dugganna Sawantha wanted to conduct Kamba (Buffalo race) in his kingdom. But he did not find any one capable of doing the spadework for this sports event. Preparing the track for Kambla is not a simple task. Manjanna came forward to do this venture. He went to Panambur to measure the buffalo race track and looked into the details of this sports event. After collecting full information of Kambla he started his work. Thus he was the key person for buffalo race in Mulki. The people of Panambur developed hatred against him as Panambur began to lose its importance in Kambla. People were jealous of his strength and hard working nature.
Manjanna, once had been to Yermal festival. There was a challenge for him in the bundle of sugar cane stalks an iron rod was kept and it was declared that if any one who broke the stalks would get a good reward. They did it with a specific purpose to test the strength of Manjanna. They were of the opinion that Manjanna would not be able to perform the task and it would be an insult to him in front of a large gathering. But Manjanna knew the conspiracy hatched against him. He was strong and brave. He came forward with full confidence. He was aware of his strength. He lifted the stalks and without any difficulty broke them into two including the strong iron rod in it. Those who had challenged him quietly vacated the place without giving any reward to him. Manjanna was not that sort of man to take revenge. Instead he wanted to exhibit his strength to general public in Yernal. He lifted a slab of granite piece on his right hand, and on the left hand he lifted another slab of granite piece, which was being used as the bridge to cross the stream in Yermal. He brought both the pieces to Bappanadu temple and kept it across the stream as a bridge in front of the temple. This was done only to prove his strength to people at Yermal who cheated him. These two granite slabs are found even today in front of Shri Durga Parameshwari Temple at Bappanadu, Mulki. You may wonder at the breadth and length of these slabs - 4 feet wide and 15 feet long. If it is to be lifted today no less 50 strong persons are required.
Manjanna had never been a ruler. He had not made a name in education, skill or intelligence. Like Bhimasena in Mahabharatha, he used his unique strength for the benefit of public and for noble cost. He had never used his strength for wicked activities or to do injustice to others. Both Bhima and Manjanna were sincere to their elders. Manjanna kept himself miles away from envy and jealousy. He was humble and noble. He was helpful and cooperative. He liked peace in and around him.
Manjanna was not worshipped as a Bhootha after his death, as other heroes of his time. Still his deeds and conduct are appreciated and acclaimed by one and all. It is said that he plucked coconuts not climbing up the tree but simply shaking the tree!
Manjanna was born at Katla in Surathkal village. At present, this place is called Manjanna Barke. Still a large slab of stone is found in Manajanna Barke, which his mother used to bath him. The stone grinder, which sunken into the ground when he put down the heap of green leaves, is now found in the guthu house of chelaru. Besides Kulur Kavoor road you find Manjanna Gudda, a hill named after him. Today, it is being demolished. No doubt Manjanna was a rare great personality that Tulunadu has seen. We should feel proud of such great adventures and brave people who played the role of a role model to the future generation.
Reference : Wikipedia
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